It is estimated that 20,000 settlers were living in Saigon in 1945, and there were 68,430 European settlers living in Madagascar in 1958. This plébiscite de tous les jours ('everyday plebiscite') might be compared to a social contract or even to the classic definition of consciousness as an act which repeats itself endlessly.[83]. It is estimated that there are 1 million to 2 million or more Brazilians of French descent today. La mondialisation est un po essus de mise en elation des espaes à l’éhelle planétaie, dans le ad e d’un système apitalisterégime économique et juridique d'une société dans( lauelle les moyens de podution n'appatiennent pas à … [77], Furthermore, some authors who have insisted on the "crisis of the nation-state" allege that nationality and citizenship are becoming separate concepts. In New England, the vast majority of French immigration in the 19th and early 20th centuries came not from France, but from over the border in Quebec, the Quebec diaspora. Il s’agit historiquement de la première grandes société émettrice d’actions et d’obligations Elle est révélatrice de l’enracinement du capitalisme moderne dans un monopole commerciale vers les terres lointaines, tel que décrit par Fernand Braudel. Several of whom worked as merchants and craftsmen. Bien avant le XXe siècle, l’exportation des capitaux a été une réalité quotidienne, pour Florence dès le XIIIe siècle, pour Augsbourg, Anvers et Gênes au XVIe. [60] In the 1970s, over 30,000 French settlers left Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge regime as the Pol Pot government confiscated their farms and land properties. À partir des années 1960, le dollar est soumis à une dangereuse inflation, notamment liée au financement de la guerre du Vietnam et à la "Great Society" de Johnson. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 22 juillet 2020 à 21:33. They can be found in Haiti, Cuba (refugees from the Haitian Revolution) and Uruguay. Some notable Argentines of French descent include writer Julio Cortázar, physiologist and Nobel Prize winner Bernardo Houssay or activist Alicia Moreau de Justo. In Stockholm, the French Lutheran congregation was formed in 1687, later dissolved in 1791, which was not really an actual congregation but rather a series of private gatherings of religious practice. Toutefois les troubles de la Révolution française et des guerres napoléoniennes retardent pour un temps l’essor du libre-échange. L’ouverture, sans conditions, du marché britannique aux autres grandes puissances de l’époque ne suffit pas à imposer une dynamique de libéralisation du commerce international. However, the Napoleonic Code would insist on jus sanguinis ("right of blood"). Today, many immigrants speak another tongue at home. [76], The second Pasqua law on "immigration control" makes regularisation of illegal aliens more difficult and, in general, residence conditions for foreigners much harder. From 1819 to 1940, 40,383 Frenchmen immigrated to Brazil. Dans le cadre de la mondialisation, les routes maritimes qui passent par le Golfe d’Aqaba, le canal de Suez sont indispensables au commerce pétrolier mais aussi de marchandises ce qui veut dire qu’une fermeture du canal ou une trop grande instabilité dans la région risquerait de [113], Elsewhere in the Americas, French settlement took place in the 16th to 20th centuries. Including the number of persons of pure French descent. To be French, according to the first article of the French Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of one's origin, race, or religion (sans distinction d'origine, de race ou de religion). Feudal law recognized personal allegiance to the sovereign, but the subjects of the sovereign were defined by their birthland. La parution des thèses d'Adam Smith en 1776 n’avait pas manqué d’attirer la curiosité des gouvernants, et dès 1786 la France et l’Angleterre avaient signé un premier traité, dit « Traité Eden-Rayneval », en vue de limiter les entraves au commerce entre les deux pays. 878–883, French historian Gérard Noiriel uses the phrase "creuset français" to express the idea, in his pioneering work. Selon les cas, on les appelait les eurodollars ou les pétrodollars. Unlike elsewhere in Europe, France experienced relatively low levels of emigration to the Americas, with the exception of the Huguenots, due to a lower birthrate than in the rest of Europe. 906.9k Followers, 278 Following, 6,791 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from OKLM (@oklm) [41], Historically the heritage of the French people is mostly of Celtic or Gallic, Latin (Romans) origin, descending from the ancient and medieval populations of Gauls or Celts from the Atlantic to the Rhone Alps, Germanic tribes that settled France from east of the Rhine and Belgium after the fall of the Roman Empire such as the Franks, Burgundians, Allemanni, Visigoths and Suebi, Latin and Roman tribes such as Ligurians and Gallo-Romans, Norse populations largely settling in Normandy at the beginning of the 10th century and “Bretons” (Celtic Britons) settling in Brittany in Western France.[42]. Dans son Histoire naturelle, l'historien romain Pline l'Ancien (23 apr. le ratio exportations/PIB) de la France passe à 15,3 % en 1913[25]. La Grande Dépression et la fin de la première mondialisation. Seuls les États-Unis, à la suite de la victoire du Nord dans la Guerre de Sécession, renforcent leur politique protectionniste. Cette analyse avait été développée par David Ricardo dès 1817. Between 1956 and 1967, about 235,000 North African Jews from Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco also immigrated to France due to the decline of the French empire and following the Six-Day War. Today around 6.8 million Argentines have some degree of French ancestry or are of partial or wholly of French descent (up to 17% of the total population). Le principal débouché pour cette production lucrative ne se trouve pas loin, en Chine, mais l’Empire chinois craint les conséquences de la consommation de l’opium sur la bonne santé de son pays et en interdit l’importation. 1 Union européenne dans la mondialisation. The French community in Brazil numbered 592 in 1888 and 5,000 in 1915. Three basic, This page was last edited on 2 March 2021, at 06:55. During the great power era, about 100 French families came to Sweden. [52], By the beginning of the 17th century, some 20% of the total male population of Catalonia was made up of French immigrants. Certains historiens ou économistes, à l'image de Suzanne Berger, qualifient de « première mondialisation Â» la période d’expansion du commerce et d’intensification des échanges de capitaux qui se manifeste entre le milieu du XIXe siècle et le début de la Première Guerre mondiale. Avant 1650, ce commerce inhumain concernent en moyenne 10 000 personnes, mais le développement des colonies de plantations des Antilles et de l’agriculture cotonnière américaine suscite de nouveau besoin qui accroissent les flux démographiques forcés. It was the transfer of a feudal tradition to the state level : human beings were linked to the lord who held the land where they were born. Avec la Grande Dépression (1873-1896) les pays connaissent une tendance au repli protectionniste. French entrepreneurs went to Maghreb countries looking for cheap labour, thus encouraging work-immigration to France. Some argue that this privation of nationality and citizenship does not square with their contribution to the national economic efforts, and thus to economic growth. La situation économique dans le monde était déjà bancale début 2020. Encouraging settlement was difficult, and while some immigration did occur, by 1763 New France only had a population of some 65,000. By the early 6th century the Franks, led by the Merovingian king Clovis I and his sons, had consolidated their hold on much of modern-day France. This later became a fiefdom of the Kingdom of France under King Charles III. The Betancourt political families who influenced Peru,[114] Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Puerto Rico, Bolivia and Panama have some French ancestry.[115]. It commits young people born in France to foreign parents to solicit French nationality between the ages of 16 and 21. L'économie-monde est un espace géographique délimité ; il ne s’agit donc pas nécessairement de la terre dans sa totalité, mais d’une région plus ou moins étendue selon l’époque et le lieu. À partir du XIXe cette époque les traites négrières sont interdites par les grandes puissance (la France révolutionnaire, l’Europe en 1815, les États-Unis) sous l’influence de la pensée philosophique des Lumières et de la pensée économique des classiques. The citizen thus emancipates himself from the particularisms of identity which characterize himself to attain a more "universal" dimension. Alors qu’une terrible famine vient de toucher l’Irlande, ils obtiennent du gouvernement de Robert Peel l’abrogation de Corn Laws en 1846 à la suite d’une bataille parlementaire incertaine[17]. This classic French republican non-essentialist conception of nationality is officialized by the French Constitution, according to which "French" is a nationality, and not a specific ethnicity. La France se situe parmi les sept pays présentant les taux de sous-utilisation les plus élevés de l’UE, avec un taux de 17,7 %. "Compared with the Europeans, the Tunisians belong to a much more recent wave of migration and occupy a much less favourable socioeconomic position, yet their pattern of marriage behaviour is nonetheless similar (...). Hence, in contrast to the United States Census, French people are not asked to define their ethnic appartenance, whichever it may be. Ces prêts massifs et peu contrôlés menèrent dès 1982 le Mexique à se déclarer dans une situation d’insolvabilité, première manifestation de ce qui devait devenir la crise de l’endettement du Tiers Monde[32]. There is increasing dissatisfaction with, and within, growing ethno-cultural enclaves (communautarisme). In the late Roman era, in addition to colonists from elsewhere in the Empire and Gaulish natives, Gallia also became home to some immigrant populations of Germanic and Scythian origin, such as the Alans. Most of these originally settled in the Cape Colony, but have since been quickly absorbed into the Afrikaner population. According to him, "integration is therefore the result of a double will: the nation's will to create a common culture for all members of the nation, and the communities' will living in the nation to recognize the legitimacy of this common culture". The Norse also settled in Normandy in the 10th century and contributed ancestry to the Normans. The Alamans were competitors of the Franks, and their name is the origin of the French word for "German": Allemand. Most of French immigrants came to Argentina between 1871 and 1890, though considerable immigration continued until the late 1940s. In the period from 1915 to 1950, many immigrants came from Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Russia, Scandinavia and Yugoslavia. These French Canadians arrived to work in the timber mills and textile plants that appeared throughout the region as it industrialized. Ce serait dans cet optique que l’Europe, passée du féodalisme au capitalisme, serait allé réinventer l’esclavage dans le nouveau monde. Malgré la farouche opposition des industriels français un accord de libre-échange est signé en 1860[18]. During the Ancien Régime (before the 1789 French revolution), jus soli (or "right of territory") was predominant. La flotte française et les navires espagnols et hollandais combattent dans l’Atlantique Ouest non pour soutenir les rêves américains mais pour s’assurer le contrôle des Antilles, parmi les territoires les plus riches du monde. 1.1.1 Un espace de production majeur; 1.1.2 Une puissance commerciale; 1.2 Northern Range; 2 France dans la mondialisation. The debate concerning the integration of this view with the principles underlying the European Community remains open.[37]. Pour absorber les effets de la mondialisation, de la désindustrialisation et du chômage qui durent depuis maintenant des décennies en Occident, les États se sont surendettés et se sont rendus dépendants du cartel bancaire international. This has led various authors (Philippe Van Parijs, Jean-Marc Ferry, Alain Caillé, André Gorz) to theorize a guaranteed minimum income which would impede exclusion from citizenship. M. Pierre (Cyrille, Marc, Emmanuel), directeur général adjoint de la mondialisation, de la culture, de l'enseignement et du développement international au ministère ; 24 ans de services. Generations of settlers have migrated over the centuries to France, creating a variegated grouping of peoples. Cette tendance s’ajoute à la signature de traités de libre-échange bilatéraux (qui se révèlent multilatéraux du fait de la clause de la nation la plus favorisée) qui suivent en Europe le traité franco-britannique de 1860. Les États-Unis ayant décidé de restreindre l’émission monétaire, le monde s’approvisionnait en dollars dans les banques offshore[31]. Lors de la célèbre, et en partie mythologique, bataille de Poitiers en 732, dont les historiens reconsidèrent aujourd'hui l'importance, Charles Martel aurait stoppé la progression des envahisseurs arabes. Ce dernier obtient de l’empereur de négocier avec Richard Cobden un traité visant à resserrer les liens commerciaux entre la France et le Royaume-Uni. These people number approximately 16,000 in Cambodia, among this number, approximately 3,000 are of pure French descent. [111] It was estimated that 14,000 Frenchmen were living in Brazil in 1912, 9% of the 149,400 Frenchmen living in Latin America, the second largest community after Argentina (100,000).[112]. Political integration (which includes but is not limited to racial integration) is based on voluntary policies which aims at creating a common identity, and the interiorization by each individual of a common cultural and historic legacy. Yes, certainly from the standpoint of the stability of institutions, the originality of character, a certain nobility that I hold to be the most important factor in the conjunction of human affairs. Entre 1880 et 1913, les capitaux passent les frontières relativement librement. Il expliquait que la hausse du prix du grain profitait aux rentiers, et nuisaient aux industriels qui devaient augmenter les salaires nominaux pour assurer à leurs ouvriers le minimum vital. Cette tendance est permise par le développement progressif de la machine à vapeur (le tonnage de la flotte à vapeur du Royaume-Uni ne dépasse celui des navires à voile qu’en 1883[23]) et la réalisation de grands canaux : le canal de Suez, inauguré en 1869, réduit de 40 % la distance entre Londres et Bombay. Les britanniques livrent donc une guerre maritime à la Chine, dite « guerre de l'opium » pour obtenir en 1842 la levée complète de toutes les restrictions au commerce de cette drogue[20]. Another source estimates that around 100,000 French people immigrated to Brazil between 1850 and 1965. On 30 December 1687 a community of French Huguenots settled in South Africa. A large percentage of politicians, businessmen, professionals and entertainers in the country are of French ancestry. This 1851 law was in part passed because of conscription concerns. They continued to filter across the Rhine River from present-day Netherlands and Germany between the 3rd and 7th centuries. Déjà le commerce bullioniste des puissances de la péninsule ibérique avait mené à la mise en place d’un commerce régulier entre l’Amérique du Sud et l’Europe. Furthermore, regional ethnic minorities also exist within France that have distinct lineages, languages and cultures such as Bretons in Brittany, Occitans in Occitania, Basques in the French Basque Country, Catalans in northern Catalonia, Germans in Alsace and Flemings in French Flanders. The 1993 reform was prepared by the Pasqua laws. En 1971, le président américain Richard Nixon décide de supprimer la convertibilité du dollar en or, tuant de facto le système monétaire international qui reposait sur cette convertibilité. This has been criticized, some arguing that the principle of equality before the law was not complied with, since French nationality was no longer given automatically at birth, as in the classic "double jus soli" law, but was to be requested when approaching adulthood. [44] Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the Vulgar Latin dialects that developed into French, with effects including loanwords and calques (including oui,[45] the word for "yes"),[46][45] sound changes,[47][48] and influences in conjugation and word order. [72] Vercingetorix, the Gaulish chieftain who tried to unite the various Gallic tribes of the land against Roman encroachment but was ultimately vanquished by Julius Caesar, is often revered as a "first national hero". 80% of them were coming from Southwestern France, especially from Basses-Pyrénées (Basque country and Béarn), Gironde, Charente-Inférieure and Charente and regions situated between Gers and Dordogne. Large numbers of people of French ancestry outside Europe speak other first languages, particularly English, throughout most of North America (except French Canada), Spanish or Portuguese in southern South America, and Afrikaans in South Africa. étoffes, ustensiles de cuivre ou d'étain, couteaux, chapeaux, verroterie, faux cristaux, poudre et pistolets, eau de vie... Contrairement à une idée répandue, dans les systèmes capitalistes modernes la monnaie n’est pas émise uniquement par la banque centrale. À Narbonne, les traces d'une mosquée datant du VIIIe siècle sont le témoignage de l'ancienneté de ce passé. ("What is a Nation?"). The French came to Chile in the 18th century, arriving at Concepción as merchants, and in the mid-19th century to cultivate vines in the haciendas of the Central Valley, the homebase of world-famous Chilean wine. The conventional conception of French history starts with Ancient Gaul, and French national identity often views the Gauls as national precursors, either as biological ancestors (hence the refrain nos ancêtres les Gaulois), as emotional/spiritual ancestors, or both. The Alamans, another Germanic people immigrated to Alsace, hence the Alemannic German now spoken there. La première des firmes multinationales est Singer, entreprise américaine qui exporte des machines à coudre. Later, when the Central American Federation was divided in 7 countries, Some of them settled to Costa Rica, others to Nicaragua, although the majority still remained in Guatemala. This ideal also led to the ironic sentence which opened up history textbooks in France as in its colonies: "Our ancestors the Gauls...". L’apparition du courant mercantiliste, traduction économique des écrits de Machiavel dans un contexte d’émergence du concept d’État-nation pousse les pays d’Europe dans une course à l’expansion territoriale à des fins économiques. In the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, founded in 1099, at most 120,000 Franks, who were predominantly French-speaking Western Christians, ruled over 350,000 Muslims, Jews, and native Eastern Christians.[50]. [79], On the other hand, the interiorization of a common legacy is a slow process, which B. Villalba compares to acculturation. With the 7 February 1851 law, voted during the Second Republic (1848–1852), "double jus soli" was introduced in French legislation, combining birth origin with paternity. Les graines de la mondialisation avant les grandes découvertes, Le commerce lointain dans l'Antiquité et au Moyen Âge, Les « Ã©conomies-monde Â» méditerranéennes, Vers l’Amérique en passant par l’Afrique, Le libéralisme et la Révolution industrielle, La Grande Dépression et la fin de la première mondialisation, Des eurodollars à l’endettement du Tiers-monde, La déréglementation des marchés financiers, Wolters, Oliver W., "Indonesia : The archipelago and its early historical records", www.britannica.com. Charles Pasqua, who said on 11 May 1987: "Some have reproached me of having used a plane, but, if necessary, I will use trains", declared to Le Monde on 2 June 1993: "France has been a country of immigration, it doesn't want to be one anymore. Si le marché américain est envahi par les produits d’une économie britannique de très loin dominatrice, jamais aucune industrie américaine naissante ne pourra survivre[14]. Mais cette analyse ne suffit pas, selon Braudel, a expliquer l’émergence du grand capitalisme, qui se fonde, grâce aux grandes découvertes, dans un commerce lointain avec d’autres grandes économies-monde comme celles d’Asie (la Chine, la Péninsule Indochinoise …) et non pas seulement dans l’exploitation de sa propre périphérie. Since the beginning of the Third Republic (1871–1940), the state has not categorized people according to their alleged ethnic origins. [105], Most of French immigrants settled in the country between 1875 and 1895. [82] According to him, to belong to a nation is a subjective act which always has to be repeated, as it is not assured by objective criteria. 23/02/2021. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty introduced the concept of European citizenship, which comes in addition to national citizenships. La réalisation d'un croquis ou d'un schéma est, avec l'analyse de documents, l'exercice prévu pour la seconde partie de l'épreuve écrite d'histoire et de géographie du bac à partir de la session 2012 (l'épreuve anticipée en première S) et de la session 2013 (en terminale ES et L). L’année 1776 marque la fin de la domination des penseurs mercantilistes, grâce à la parution du texte fondateur d’Adam Smith qui pose les grands principes du libéralisme, mais aussi la première contestation de l’impérialisme britannique en la Déclaration d'indépendance des États-Unis d'Amérique. [30], France has long been a patchwork of local customs and regional differences, and while most French people still speak the French language as their mother tongue, languages like Norman, Picard, Poitevin-Saintongeais, Franco-Provencal, Occitan, Catalan, Auvergnat, Corsican, Basque, French Flemish, Lorraine Franconian, Alsatian, and Breton remain spoken in their respective regions. It shall ensure the equality of all citizens before the law, without distinction of origin, race or religion", One point of friction can be the status of minority languages. The discourse of ethno-nationalist groups such as the Front National (FN), however, advances the concept of Français de souche or "indigenous" French. Among them, about 5.5 million are of European origin and 4 million of North African origin.[94][95]. III. He went as far as advocating racial segregation there.[85]. [54] Some of them, coming from French-speaking communes in Lorraine or being French Swiss Walsers from the Valais canton in Switzerland, maintained for some generations the French language and a specific ethnic identity, later labelled as Banat (French: Français du Banat). With something akin to Latin culture, the French immigrants quickly assimilated into mainstream Chilean society. Many people in these countries still bear French names. [34] According to its principles, France has devoted itself to the destiny of a proposition nation, a generic territory where people are bounded only by the French language and the assumed willingness to live together, as defined by Ernest Renan's "plébiscite de tous les jours" ('everyday plebiscite') on the willingness to live together, in Renan's 1882 essay "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?"). Because jus soli connoted feudal allegiance, it was decided, This ten-year clause is threatened by Interior Minister, overseas departments and territories of France, Learn how and when to remove this template message, international nongovernmental organizations, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races, List of French people of immigrant origin, "Démographie – Population au début du mois – France", "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables", "Les merveilleux francophiles argentins-1", "Etat et structure de la population – Données détaillées, Population résidante selon le sexe et la nationalité par pays, (su-f-01.01.01.03), Office fédéral de la statistique OFS", "Ausländeranteil in Deutschland bis 2018", "Avance del Padrón municipal a 1 de enero de 2011. Most French people speak the French language as their mother tongue, but certain languages like Norman, Occitan languages, Corsican, Euskara, French Flemish and Breton remain spoken in certain regions (see Language policy in France). C’est donc selon la logique de la spécialisation que l’Angleterre va négliger son agriculture, pourtant la plus productive du monde à l’époque, au profit de son industrie. French law made it easy for thousands of settlers (colons in French), national French from former colonies of North and East Africa, India and Indochina to live in mainland France. [99], The majority of immigrants were coming from the Basque Country, Béarn and Bigorre. From 1814 to 1955, inhabitants of Barcelonnette and the surrounding Ubaye Valley emigrated to Mexico by the dozens. Their ancestors were Celts who came from Central Europe in the 7th century BCE or earlier,[43] and non-Celtic peoples including the Ligures, Aquitanians and Basques in Aquitaine. After Champlain's founding of Quebec City in 1608, it became the capital of New France. Many are descendants of French settlers who intermarried with local Vietnamese people. The decrees of 24 October 1870 by Adolphe Crémieux granted automatic and massive French citizenship to all Jewish people of Algeria. Sur une superficie de 378000 km² (les deux tiers de la France), le Japon compte deux fois plus d’habitants que la France (dont 8 sur 10 vivent en ville). But it is in fact a very small amount of noble blood put into the circulation of a people that is enough to ennoble them, at least as to historical effects; this is how France, a nation so completely fallen into commonness, in practice plays on the world stage the role of a gentleman. For the street in New Orleans, see, "The French" redirects here. Mers et océans : au coeur de la mondialisation; Dynamiques territoriales, coopérations et tensions dans la mondialisation; Histoire Terminale générale Fragilités des démocraties, totalitarismes et Seconde Guerre mondiale (1929 à 1945) Les remises en cause économiques, politiques, sociales des années 1970 à 1991 By 1788 there were 8 villages populated by French colonists.[55]. Avec la création de la première Compagnie des Indes par les Hollandais en 1602, le capitalisme accélère le long processus de l’internationalisation des échanges. Au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècles près d'un million de personnes ont été transportés par les navires de la compagnie[9]. The fact of race is huge originally; but it's been continually losing its importance, and sometimes, as in France, it happens to disappear completely. For a specific analysis of the population of France, see, "Frenchman" and "Frenchmen" redirect here. Bolivia Population", Naissances selon le pays de naissance des parents 2010, "Afghani, Tajik of Afghanistan Ethnic People Profile", Provisional Government of the French Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_people&oldid=1009775067, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles needing additional references from July 2008, All articles needing additional references, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2012, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Young people: the July 1974 law, voted at the instigation of president, 1968: right to become a trade-union delegate, 1975: additional condition: "to be able to express oneself in French"; they may vote at, 1982: those conditions are suppressed, only the function of, 1992: for European Union citizens, right to vote at the European elections, first exercised during the, The U.S. Department of State goes into further detail: "Since prehistoric times, France has been a crossroads of trade, travel, and invasion. Abroad, the French language is spoken in many different countries – in particular the former French colonies. This contradiction explains the seeming paradox encountered when attempting to identify a "French ethnic group": the French conception of the nation is radically opposed to (and was thought in opposition to) the German conception of the Volk ("ethnic group"). [102][103], The first French emigration in Costa Rica was a very small number to Cartago in the mid-nineteenth century. Today, there are an estimated at 300,000 French descendants in Uruguay.[100]. "Les premiers musulmans arrivèrent en France à la suite de l'occupation de l'Espagne par les Maures, il y a plus d'un millénaire, et s'installèrent dans les environs de Toulouse – et jusqu'en Bourgogne. Ainsi, alors qu’il était d’environ 7,5 % vers 1850, le taux d'ouverture à l’exportation (i.e. Thus, while the United States received 195,971 French immigrants between 1820 and 1855, 13,922 Frenchmen, most of them from the Basque Country and Béarn, left for Uruguay between 1833 and 1842. Paternity, against Napoléon Bonaparte's wish, became the principal criterion of nationality, and therefore broke for the first time with the ancient tradition of jus soli, by breaking any residency condition toward children born abroad from French parents.
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